Coldfusion Web Hosting - Tomcat, Jsp, J2Ee, Servlets, Struts Blog

Inside Linux To execute SuperProbe, type the following and press Enter: stimpy $ SuperProbe Be sure to record the output from SuperProbe. The information it provides is used during configuration. You can solicit SuperProbe to list known video devices. The following demonstrates this: stimpy $ SuperProbe -info If you think that you are not getting the information you are after, you can execute SuperProbe in verbose mode, as shown in the following example: stimpy $ SuperProbe -verbose Because the list can get lengthy, it is better if you redirect the output of SuperProbe to a file. The following shows how to execute SuperProbe and redirect its output: stimpy $ SuperProbe -verbose > sp.out Before you execute SuperProbe, you should terminate any programs that are not required. If SuperProbe hangs the system and applications are running, their associated data files could become corrupt. Also, be sure that all users are logged off the system. X Servers The default server is found in /etc/X11 and is named “X.” This is actually a link to the server-specific XF86_xxx file that is found in /usr/X11R6/bin. The following is a list of available servers: XF86_SVGA - Super-VGA server. Contains accelerated support for Cirrus 542{0,2,4,6,8,9}, 543{0,4} and Western Digital 90C3{1,3} and Oak Technologies Inc. OTI087 chip sets, unaccelerated for the rest of the supported chip sets. XF86_Mono -(S)VGA monochrome, optionally Hercules or other monochrome hardware support is linked in. XF86_VGA16 - Generic VGA 16-color server. XF86_S3 - S3 accelerated server. XF86_Mach32 - ATI Mach32 accelerated server. XF86_Mach64 - ATI Mach64 accelerated server. XF86_Mach8 - ATI Mach8 accelerated server. XF86_8514 - 8514/A accelerated server. XF86_P9000 - P9000 accelerated server. XF86_AGX - AGX accelerated server. XF86_W32 - ET4000/W32 and ET6000 accelerated server. You should check the server file that /etc/X11/X is linked with. If invalid, relink to the proper XF86_xxx file. Be sure to check the man pages. Each server has an associated man page that provides a wealth of information, such as chip set support and specific configuration options. Checking for a Previous Installation Your system may indeed already have XFree86 installed on it. During installation, you are offered the opportunity to select various packages to install. One of them is the XFree86 system. One method to verify whether XFree86 is installed is to try and start it up. The following example shows how to start up X: stimpy $ startx If you are immediately returned to the shell prompt, the XFree86 system probably doesn’t exist. Another method to check the existence of XFree86 is to check the contents of the /usr/X11R6/bin directory. If the directory does not exist, the X will have to be installed. page 64
Note: In case you are looking for affordable webhost to host and run your web application check Vision http web server services

Inside Linux Chips & Technologies - 65520, 65525, 65530, 65535, 65540, 65545, 65546, 65548, 65550, 65554, 65555, 68554, 69000 , 64200, 64300 Cyrix - MediaGX, MediaGXm Compaq - AVGA Digital Equipment Corporation - TGA Epson - SPC8110 Genoa - GVGA IBM - 8514/A (and true clones), XGA-2 IIT - AGX-014, AGX-015, AGX-016 Matrox - MGA2064W (Millennium), MGA1064SG (Mystique and Mystique 220), MGA2164W (Millennium II PCI and AGP), G100, G200 MX - MX68000(*), MX680010(*) NCR - 77C22(*), 77C22E(*), 77C22E+(*) NeoMagic - 2200, 2160, 2097, 2093, 2090, 2070 Number Nine -I128 (series I and II), Revolution 3D (T2R) NVidia/SGS Thomson - NV1, STG2000, RIVA128, Riva TNT OAK - OTI067, OTI077, OTI087 RealTek - RTG3106(*) Rendition - V1000, V2×00 S3 -86C911, 86C924, 86C801, 86C805, 86C805i, 86C928, 86C864, 86C964, 86C732, 86C764, 86C765, 86C767, 86C775, 86C785, 86C868, 86C968, 86C325, 86C357, 86C375, 86C375, 86C385, 86C988, 86CM65, 86C260 SiS - 86C201, 86C202, 86C205, 86C215, 86C225, 5597, 5598, 6326 3Dlabs - GLINT 500TX, GLINT MX, Permedia, Permedia 2, Permedia 2v Trident - TVGA8800CS, TVGA8900B, TVGA8900C, TVGA8900CL, TVGA9000, TVGA9000i, TVGA9100B, TVGA9200CXR, Cyber9320(*), TVGA9400CXi, TVGA9420, TGUI9420DGi, TGUI9430DGi, TGUI9440AGi, TGUI9660XGi, TGUI9680, ProVidia 9682, ProVidia 9685(*), Cyber 9382, Cyber 9385, Cyber 9388, 3DImage975, 3DImage985, Cyber 9397, Cyber 9520 Tseng - ET4000AX, ET4000/W32, ET4000/W32i, ET4000/W32p, ET6000, ET6100 Video 7/Headland Technologies - HT216-32(*) Weitek - P9000, P9100 Western Digital/Paradise - PVGA1 Western Digital - WD90C00, WD90C10, WD90C11, WD90C24, WD90C24A, WD90C30, WD90C31, WD90C33 SuperProbe If the documentation for your video card is unavailable, you can still determine the chip set your card uses. The SuperProbe program attempts to etermine the chip set and other information about your video card. SuperProbe is found in the /usr/X11R6/bin directory. It can execute on various bus architectures, such as ISA and EISA. NOTE SuperProbe is notorious for locking up the system. This is the result of SuperProbe probing various registers of the video card. If your video card documentation is available and the chip set is listed, there is no reason to run SuperProbe. page 63
Note: If you are looking for high quality webhost to host and run your jsp application check Vision florida web design services

Inside Linux Installing XFree86 Most CD-ROM distributions of Linux contain the binary distribution of XFree86. It is also available from a number of FTP sites, such as sunsite.unc.edu. The current version of XFree86 is 3.3.3.1 and is the version shipping with the majority of Linux distributions. I recommend that you install the version from the Linux distribution. The vendor may have special install scripts to satisfy file dependencies. However, this should not preclude you from downloading the current version of XFree86. For more information, you can visit the XFree86 Project Web site at http://www.xfree86.org. Hardware Requirements One of the most important hardware components relating to X is the video adapter. Before installing X, be sure you consult the documentation for your video adapter. Locate the “specification” section - it contains the information required by X. The chip set is the most important item you will need to know. If the documentation does not reveal the chip set used, the SuperProbe program (bundled with X) can be used to detect the chip set. A word of warning - SuperProbe can lock up the video system. Be sure to consult the XFree86 release notes for a complete list of chip sets supported. You will find README files for the various chip sets - one for each chip set. These README files provide detailed information concerning the support of each chip set. The minimum machine to run Linux and XFree86 is an 80486. To run X comfortably, you should have at least 16MB of RAM installed. The general rule here is the more RAM, the better. You can use a virtual disk to make up for a lack of physical RAM, but swapping is an input/output (I/O) intensive process. Disk I/O is the most significant bottleneck on a system. You may find technical papers that tell you XFree86 can run in 8MB of physical RAM with no problem. Some will even tell you 4MB of physical RAM! Don’t be taken by these recommendations. Experience is the best teacher, as they say, and I am here to tell you that 16MB is the minimum; 32MB is preferred. NOTE You can run XFree86 on a Linux system with 16MB of virtual memory, but you will be disgruntled. The comfortable minimum is 16MB of physical memory, or you will experience lackluster performance. If you anticipate heavy X use, you should have 32MB of physical RAM. To install a standard XFree86 configuration, including X server, basic fonts, libraries, and standard X utilities, requires about 60MB of disk space. If you are a developer and are brave enough to tackle X programming, you will require roughly 200MB of disk space. Chip Sets The following chip sets are supported by XFree86 release 3.3.3. Note that chips marked with an asterisk (*) have either limited support, or drivers for them are not actively maintained. Ark Logic - ARK1000PV, ARK1000VL, ARK2000PV, ARK2000MT Alliance - AP6422, AT24 ATI - 18800, 18800-1, 28800-2, 28800-4, 28800-5, 28800-6, 68800-3, 68800-6, 68800AX, 68800LX, 88800GX-C, 88800GX-D, 88800GX-E, 88800GX-F, 88800CX, 264CT, 264ET, 264VT, 264GT, 264VT-B, 264VT3, 264GT-B, 264GT3 (this list includes the Mach8, Mach32, Mach64, 3D Rage, 3D Rage II, and 3D Rage Pro) Avance Logic - ALG2101, ALG2228, ALG2301, ALG2302, ALG2308, ALG2401 Cirrus Logic -CLGD5420, CLGD5422, CLGD5424, CLGD5426, CLGD5428, CLGD5429, CLGD5430, CLGD5434, CLGD5436, CLGD5440, CLGD5446, CLGD5462, CLGD5464, CLGD5465, CLGD5480, CLGD6205, CLGD6215, CLGD6225, CLGD6235, CLGD6410, CLGD6412, CLGD6420, CLGD6440, CLGD7541(*), CLGD7543(*), CLGD7548(*), CLGD7555(*) page 62
Note: If you are looking for best quality webspace to host and run your tomcat application check Vision shared web hosting services

Inside Linux Chapter 4. Installing X Windows Many people expect their operating systems to provide a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to the underlying system. Considering the power of computers today, there is no reason to use a command- line interface. The Macintosh popularized the GUI and showed that computer illiterate people can actually be productive using a computer. The magic behind this productivity is the GUI environment layered on top of the operating system. In the UNIX world, the X Windows System is the graphical environment of choice. Developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), X can be found on virtually every UNIX system to date. Linux is no exception. Linux uses a version of X named XFree86. XFree86 is a freely available implementation of X Windows for Linux, System V/386, 386BSD, and other PC UNIX systems. The network product is known as X11. This allows an application on one machine to display to another machine. In this chapter, we see what it takes to install and configure XFree86. Configuring X can be a breeze or a nightmare. The hardware of the machine and the version of Linux and XFree86 determine whether it is hard or easy. By far, I highly recommend that you obtain the most current release of Linux and XFree86. The newer releases are more powerful, flexible, and most important - stable. You will be at an advantage if you know some basic Linux commands. If you have read Chapter 3, “Using Linux,” you are equipped with the basic commands required. Installing and configuring X will require that you edit various text files. Any simple text editor will do. XFree86 is available in two releases: v2.x and v3.x. Because significant defects are present in v2.0, I recommend that you not use it. The time and effort you expend may not be reflected at runtime. In addition, don’t even consider any version prior to 2.0. Trying to get any version from 2.0 and earlier will be frustrating and difficult. XFree86 Defined XFree86 is a powerful windowing environment for Linux and other PC-oriented UNIX systems. The X Windows System, a GUI designed for UNIX, was developed at MIT. The first X Windows release, X11R1, was available in 1987. A group of developers (David Wexelblat headed the team) formed the XFree86 Team in 1992 to develop XFree86, a freely redistributable implementation of the X Windows system. Consequently, the XFree86 Project was founded in 1994 and had two purposes. First was to continue research and development of XFree86 for the public. The second purpose was to obtain membership in the X Consortium. The X Consortium is an organization that was formed to define and create a standardized UNIX windowing environment. MIT and IBM, among other organizations, are working members of the X Consortium. The XFree86 Project, as a member of the X Consortium, was allowed free reign to information on upcoming releases of X. This gave them an advantage because they had release information before the public. The most current version of XFree86 to date is release 3.3.3.1, which is based on X Windows Release 6 (X11R6.4). At the time of this writing, most commercial distributions of Linux are shipping with the 3.3.3 release. The June 1999 Slackware 4.0 release contains version 3.3.3.1 of XFree86. X consists of a number of components, all working together to produce the graphical environment. At the top of the heap is the window manager. The window manager controls the appearance of windows and their widgets, such as buttons, menus, and scrollbars. Another important component is the X Network Protocol (XNP) ; it provides the protocol for network communications. Tied closely to XNP is Xlib , which is a function library that implements XNP. The core window system provides the core services required by the other components. page 61
Note: In case you are looking for affordable webhost to host and run your servlet application check Vision servlet hosting services

Inside Linux Getting Help - The Man Pages We close this chapter by discussing the Linux help system, known as man (manual) pages. If you need help with a Linux command, you can use man to view documentation. The syntax for man is as follows: man [options] [section] [title] The content of each man page has a very well-defined format. One trait of a man page is that it is terse. Another is that it is more technical than explanatory. These two traits, when combined, can make for obscure reading. Don’t worry though, the more you use Linux and the man pages, the more you will come to appreciate their usefulness. From a previous section, “Virtual Consoles,” you may recall that you can switch to another screen session using the keystroke sequences Alt+F2, Alt+F3, and so on. If you get in a bind on the default screen and need help, switch to another virtual console and call up man. This way, you do not disrupt any work in progress on the default console. Summary We’ve come to the end of this chapter. It has been a long but fruitful road. We covered a lot of Linux ground. This chapter is probably most important for newcomers to Linux. It provides a good base of knowledge for using and maneuvering through Linux. This chapter discussed many items, including startup and shutdown, logging in and out, manipulating user accounts and passwords, maneuvering files and directories, and basic commands used to manipulate files and directories. At this point, you should feel very confident when tooling around in Linux. page 60
Note: If you are looking for best quality webspace to host and run your tomcat application check Vision shared web hosting services

Inside Linux As an alternative, you can use the command less. Most people, including me, will tell you that less is more than more. Here is the syntax for less: less [options] files The syntax is the same, but the options available for less significantly dwarf more. The options and commands available for less could span pages in a book. Be sure to check the man page for more on less. Another command that can be used to view a file is head. We have seen this command in a previous section in this chapter. Here is the syntax: head [options] files There is one caveat: head is primarily used to view the first few lines in a file, the default being 10 lines. The fact remains, though, that it is a command to view a file. You can, however, use the -c or -n options to control the number of lines in a file. The following is an example of head: stimpy $ head -5000 install.txt This example will print the first 5,000 lines from the file install.txt. Alternatively, you can do this: stimpy $ head -c 5k install.txt This example duplicates the previous example. The k refers to 1KB blocks. Another command that displays the contents of a file is cat. The one drawback to cat is that text will scroll up off the screen if the file contains more lines that the screen has. The syntax for cat is as follows: cat [options] files The cat command (concatenation) is useful when you want to append data to a file. See the man page for additional information. Copying Files You will find it necessary to copy a file from one directory to another. Alternatively, you might want to duplicate a file. The cp (copy) command is used to copy a file to another. The syntax for cp follows: cp [options] file1 file2 cp [options] files directory The first form copies file1 to file2. Be careful: If file2 exists, it will be overwritten. If the destination is a directory, the source file(s) are copied to the directory, and the source file(s) retain their names. Moving Files From time to time, you will need to move a file from one location to another. The mv (move) command is used to move a file to another location. The syntax for mv follows: mv [options] source target The mv command moves source to target. Be careful: If target exists, it will be overwritten. The mv command can be useful if you want to rename a file. The following dialog demonstrates the use of mv: stimpy $ cd ~ stimpy $ ls names.txt stimpy $ mv names.txt .. stimpy $ ls stimpy $ ls .. names.txt stimpy $ mv ../names.txt . stimpy $ ls names.txt stimpy $ mv names.txt names stimpy $ ls names stimpy $ The first example moves the file to the current directory’s parent. That fact is verified by the ls command. The next example moves the file from the parent directory back to the current directory. The last example demonstrates using the mv command to rename a file. The mv command can also be used on directories. Use the command as you would on files. If the source is a directory and the target is an existing directory, the source is moved as a subdirectory of target. When mv is used on a directory, the directory and its complete contents are moved, too. page 59
Note: If you are looking for cheap webhost to host and run your apache application check Vision jboss web hosting services

Inside Linux You press Enter and suddenly realize you are still in /usr/bin! Sorry, there is no way to unerase files. As a precaution, you can use the -i option to rm -this option puts the rm command into interactive mode. For each file to be deleted, rm asks the user for y/n confirmation. You can also use the wildcard character to specify a filename template for deletions. The following is an example: stimpy $ rm swi* In this instance, rm will remove all files that begin with the character sequence swi. The opposite can be achieved: stimpy $ rm *ity In this example, all files that end with ity will be removed. A second, albeit strange, method of deleting files exists. Many Linux veterans will ask, “Why?” How about, “because you can.” Here it is - deleting a file using /dev/null: stimpy $ mv myfile.txt /dev/null We will discuss the mv (move) command in a section that follows. Let’s take a look at removing directories. The command to do this is rmdir (remove directory). The syntax for rmdir is as follows: rmdir [options] directories The named directories are removed from the parent. The directories to be removed must be empty. As previously shown, rm -r can be used to remove a directory and its contents in one fell swoop. The following is a dialog to remove a user’s home directory that no longer uses the system: stimpy $ cd ~gbye stimpy $ ls names.txt accounting.xls company.doc employees.dbf stimpy $ rm * stimpy $ cd .. stimpy $ rmdir gbye rmdir: gbye: directory not empty stimpy $ A user’s home directory contains files that begin with a period (.). Any files that begin with . are not displayed with ls. You should use the option -al to see all files in a directory. As with the /dev/null trick with files, you can also remove directories with this unorthodox method: stimpy $ cd ~gbye stimpy $ ls names.txt accounting.xls company.doc employees.dbf stimpy $ cd .. stimpy $ mv gbye /dev/null stimpy $ NOTE Unfortunately, there is no way to undelete files or directories. Think twice before you run the command rm -r *. Viewing Files We can use a number of methods to view a file. One command that is at our disposal is more. The syntax for more is more [options] files The more command has a number of options available. Be sure to check the man page for the available options. more will output the contents of files, one screenful at a time. If you press the Spacebar, the next screen of text is displayed. The following is an example of the more command: stimpy $ more .profile page 58
Note: If you are looking for cheap and reliable webhost to host and run your mysql application check Vision professional web hosting services

Inside Linux Creating New Directories Okay, you need to start organizing your personal data files. You need to store them in your home directory. You have determined that you will need five directories: spreadsheet, database, documents, source, and timesheet. You know the directories you need, but how do you create a directory? You use the mkdir command. This is similar to the DOS command md. The syntax for mkdir is mkdir [options] directories The mkdir command creates one or more directories. You must have write permission (for the parent directory) to create a directory. Let’s see how we can use the mkdir command: stimpy $ cd stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ ls name.txt stimpy $ mkdir spreadsheet stimpy $ ls name.txt spreadsheet stimpy $ mkdir database documents source stimpy $ ls database documents name.txt source spreadsheet stimpy $ mkdir timesheet stimpy $ ls database documents name.txt source spreadsheet timesheet stimpy $ If you recall, a directory is not like a file; it does not contain data, other than a list of files and directories. When you create a directory with mkdir, what actually happens is that Linux creates a new entry in the current directory’s list. Deleting Files and Directories Inevitably, you will discover files and directories that you no longer require. Help is on the way. Linux offers two commands - one for deleting files and one for deleting directories. Let’s start with deleting files. The rm (short for remove) command is used to delete one or more files. For the command to succeed, you must have write permission for the directory containing the file(s) and the named file(s). The rm command has several options; check the man page for details. The syntax is as follows: rm [options] files Two common options available are -r and -d. The -r option is used to recursively remove the contents of a directory. If the name given is a directory (instead of a file), remove the contents of the directory, including subdirectories, and then the named directory. NOTE Using -r is a very dangerous option. You can inadvertently remove a complete directory tree and its contents. Stop and think twice before executing rm with the -r option. You can use wildcards to delete files with rm. The following will remove all files in the current directory: stimpy $ rm * Always think about the directory you are in - you may not be where you think you are. Many people have fallen victim to this situation. You think the current directory is /devel/util and want to remove all files there. You execute the command: stimpy $ rm * page 57
Note: In case you are looking for affordable and reliable webhost to host and run your j2ee application check Vision best web hosting services

Inside Linux One thing to keep in mind, as we discussed previously: Linux is a case-sensitive operating system. For example, the two files help and Help are unique names under Linux. If you try to change to the directory /Usr, you most likely will get an error that the directory does not exist. What you meant to type was /usr. Moving Around in the Linux Directory System Moving around from directory to directory is a common task in Linux. If every file were stored in a single directory, you would never have to move around. The fact is, though, that Linux maintains a directory tree and you will eventually have to move about. We briefly touched on the cd command in previous sections. It is short for change directory. The syntax for cd is cd [dir] If you do not provide any arguments to cd, it changes the current directory to be your home directory. If dir is a valid directory, cd changes the current directory to dir. The argument to cd can be either .. or .. Remember that .. is the current directory’s parent and . is the current directory itself. If you are in the root, then issuing the command cd .. changes the current directory to the root, because root is the parent of itself. The following are some examples of the cd command: stimpy $ pwd /usr/local/etc stimpy $ cd .. stimpy $ pwd /usr/local stimpy $ cd ~ stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ cd / stimpy $ pwd / stimpy $ cd .. stimpy $ pwd / stimpy $ cd stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ cd / stimpy $ pwd / stimpy $ cd ../home/mtobler. stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ If you are coming from the DOS world, be sure to use the / (slash) character as a file and directory separator. Linux uses the (backslash) character to continue a command on the next line. Viewing a Directory’s Contents In Linux (and UNIX), the command to view the contents of a directory is ls, which is short for list. A directory list contains both files and directories. This command is similar to the DOS command dir. In fact, most Linux systems define dir to be an alias for ls. The syntax for ls is as follows: ls [options] [names] The ls command has many switches (or options) - too numerous to list here. Refer to the man page for ls. Some examples follow. The following lists the status of /bin: stimpy $ ls -ld /bin List the files in the current directory, listing the oldest first: stimpy $ ls -rt * List all files in the current directory, in long format: stimpy $ ls -al * Depending on the shell, you can get a directory listing in color. The differing colors represent the different types of files. For example, green represents executable files. page 56
Note: If you are looking for best quality webspace to host and run your tomcat application check Vision shared web hosting services

Inside Linux Current Working Directory At any one time, you are located in some directory within the tree. This is referred to as the current working directory. Any command that you execute uses the current directory. The pwd command can be used to print the current working directory as a full pathname. The following dialog demonstrates this: stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ You can change the current working directory using the cd command. This is shown in the following example: stimpy $ cd /bin stimpy $ pwd /bin stimpy $ As previously mentioned, many commands use the current working directory. The ls command is an example of this. If you execute the command ls without specifying a path, it displays the contents of the current directory. The Home Directory Every user known to the system has a home directory. User-specific configuration files are stored in a user’s home directory. Standard practice dictates that users store their personal files here. When I say personal, I am not necessarily referring to private files, although you can store private files here. If you do, you may want to encrypt files stored there or set special permissions to those directories and files. Personal files mainly refer to data files specific to a user. For example, any word processing documents that you create should be stored in your home directory. More specifically, they should be stored in a directory under your home directory. For instance, you may store your spreadsheet data files in a directory named /home/username/spreadsheet. The directory username is substituted for your username. You can quickly get to your home directory using the cd command without an argument. The following dialog shows the command in action: stimpy $ pwd /usr/local/etc stimpy $ cd stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ Optionally, you can use the tilde character (~) to specify your home directory. There is no need to use it with the cd command, but it might be useful in other situations. Suppose that one of your coworkers has a file that you need. Suzy Cue tells you that the file is named employees.doc and is found in her home directory (scue). The following is a dialog to use to copy that file to your home directory. stimpy $ cp ~scue/employees.doc ~ stimpy $ pwd /usr/local/etc stimpy $ cd stimpy $ pwd /home/mtobler stimpy $ As you start working with various software packages, be sure to organize your home directory to match each package. If you store all files you work with only in your home directory, it can become very cluttered! Some Basic Commands We have covered a lot of ground so far concerning Linux. Much of this information provides a good, basic understanding of Linux. Among other things, we learned how to start up, shut down, log in and out, and create user accounts. We also learned about environment variables, files and directories, shells, command completion, and virtual consoles. With this basic knowledge, it is time to turn our attention to some basic commands. The sections that follow investigate how to move around in Linux, how to view the contents of a directory, how to create and delete directories and files, and how to get help. page 55
Note: If you are looking for high quality webhost to host and run your jsp application check Vision jsp web hosting services