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Inside Linux Examine the last couple of lines - they look fairly cryptic. Actually, they are simple compared to some of the other rules (and definitions) found in the file. Once the linux.cf file is ready, it needs to be copied to the /etc/mail directory. The following dialog demonstrates how to do this: stimpy $ pwd /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0/cf/cf stimpy $ cp ./linux.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.cf stimpy $ The last step is to install the new sendmail executable. If you are replacing a current installation, be sure to save the binary, just in case the new version does not work as expected. The following dialog shows how to back up the current binary and then install the newly built binary: stimpy $ pwd /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0 stimpy $ which sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail stimpy $ cp /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.orig stimpy $ ./Build install Making all in: /mnt/tool/root/root/sm/sendmail-8.10.0/libsmutil Configuration: pfx=, os=Linux, rel=2.2.13, rbase=2, rroot=2.2, arch=i586, sfx= Making in ../obj.Linux.2.2.13.i586/libsmutil … … Making in ../obj.Linux.2.2.13.i586/mailstats make[1]: Entering directory `/mnt/tool/root/root/sm/sendmail-8.10.0/obj.Linux.2. 2.13.i586/mailstats’ install -c -o bin -g bin -m 555 mailstats /usr/sbin stimpy $ sendmail -d0.1 -bt < /dev/null Version 8.10.0 Compiled with: LOG MATCHGECOS MIME7TO8 MIME8TO7 NAMED_BIND NETINET NETUNIX NEWDB QUEUE SCANF SMTP USERDB XDEBUG - ============ SYSTEM IDENTITY (after readcf) ============ (short domain name) $w = ren (canonical domain name) $j = ren.stimpy.net (subdomain name) $m = stimpy.net (node name) $k = ren ======================================================== ADDRESS TEST MODE (ruleset 3 NOT automatically invoked) Enter

Inside Linux The following listing shows the contents of the generic linux.mc file used to build the linux.cf file: # This is a generic configuration file for Linux # divert(0)dnl VERSIONID(`$Id: generic-linux.mc,v 8.1 1999/09/24 22:48:05 gshapiro Exp $’) OSTYPE(linux)dnl MAILER(local)dnl MAILER(smtp)dnl You must specify an OSTYPE so that platform-specific items are properly configured, such as the pathname for status files, flags required for the local mailer, and other items. Just be sure it is set to linux. MAILER(…) defines the mailers (delivery agents) you want sendmail to support. The local mailer is always included automatically. You should be aware that the MAILER(…) declarations should occur at the end of the configuration (.mc) file. Additionally, the MAILER(smtp) entry should always precede the MAILER(uucp) entry, if applicable. Table 8.3 lists the MAILER options. Table 8.3. Options for MAILER Option Description local The local and prog mailers. You should always include these, unless you relay mail to another site. smtp The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) mailer. uucp The UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program mailer. usenet Usenet (network news) delivery. fax Facsimile transmission. pop Post Office Protocol. procmail An interface to procmail. mail11 The DECnet mail11 mailer. Useful only if you have the mail11 program. phquery The phquery program. cyrus The cyrus and cyrusbb mailers. It is truly amazing to see the outcome from the previous build process. Look again at the contents of the linux.mc file, consisting of five instructional lines. The resulting linux.cf file consumes 1,165 lines of text! The following output shows snippets from various sections of the file: # temporary file mode O TempFileMode=0600 # match recipients against GECOS field? #O MatchGECOS=False # maximum hop count #O MaxHopCount=17 # location of help file O HelpFile=/etc/mail/helpfile … # Format of headers # ????????????# H?P?Return-Path: <$g> HReceived: $?sfrom $s $.$?_($?s$|from $.$_) $.$?{auth_type}(authenticated) $.by $j ($v/$Z)$?r with $r$. id $i$?u for $u; $|; $.$b H?D?Resent-Date: $a H?D?Date: $a H?F?Resent-From: $?x$x <$g>$|$g$. H?F?From: $?x$x <$g>$|$g$. H?x?Full-Name: $x # HPosted-Date: $a # H?l?Received-Date: $b H?M?Resent-Message-Id: <$t.$i@$j> H?M?Message-Id: <$t.$i@$j> … # short circuit local delivery so forwarded email works R$=L < @ $=w . > $#local $: @ $1 special local names R$+ < @ $=w . > $#local $: $1 regular local name … page 164
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Inside Linux page 163 The following dialog demonstrates some of the initial operations required: stimpy $ pwd /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0 stimpy $ cd devtools/Site stimpy $ cp ../OS/Linux ./site.Linux.m4 stimpy $ cd ../.. stimpy $ pwd /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0 stimpy $ All of these commands place the Linux-specific site file in the expected directory. Next, we need to build the package, or sendmail executable. The following dialog demonstrates this: stimpy $ pwd /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0 stimpy $ ./Build Making all in: /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0/libsmutil Configuration: pfx=, os=Linux, rel=2.2.13, rbase=2, rroot=2.2, arch=i586, sfx= Using M4=/usr/bin/m4 Creating ../obj.Linux.2.2.13.i586/libsmutil using ../devtools/OS/Linux … … cc -o vacation -L../libsmdb -L../libsmutil vacation.o … groff -Tascii -man vacation.1 > vacation.0 || cp vacation.0.dist vacation.0 make[1]: Leaving directory `/tmp/sendmail-8.10.0/… stimpy $ The script to execute is Build (shown in bold text), which is found in the base sendmail directory, shown as sendmail-8.10.0 in this example. Building the package is quite easy because most of the hard work is handled by the Build script file. The Build message output is quite extensive, much more than what is revealed in the preceding dialog. The complete build process should take no longer than a couple of minutes. To confirm the successful build of the sendmail binary, you can execute sendmail as shown in the following dialog: stimpy $ ./sendmail -d0.1 -bt < /dev/null Version 8.10.0 Compiled with: LOG MATCHGECOS MIME7TO8 MIME8TO7 NAMED_BIND NETINET NETUNIX NEWDB QUEUE SCANF SMTP USERDB XDEBUG /etc/mail/sendmail.cf: line 0: cannot open: No such file or directory stimpy $ The next step is to create the .cf file for the Linux platform. This process is detailed in the following section. Building the .cf File For construction of the .cf file, the Build script executes the m4 macro processor, which uses an .mc file as input. When the sendmail command first executes, it reads a configuration file named sendmail.cf, found in the /etc/mail directory. Proper configuration of this file can be an overwhelming task. Fortunately, there are tools that can make this task much easier. This section briefly discusses the creation of the sendmail.cf file. To begin the configuration process, we will utilize the talents of the Build script file. The following dialog demonstrates the steps required for building the .cf file: stimpy $ pwd /tmp/sendmail-8.10.0 stimpy $ cd cf/cf stimpy $ ls -al *.mc | grep linux -rw-r--r-- 1 103 103 800 Sep 24 17:48 generic-linux.mc stimpy $ cp generic-linux.mc linux.mc stimpy $ ./Build linux.cf Using M4=/usr/bin/m4 rm -f linux.cf /usr/bin/m4 ../m4/cf.m4 linux.mc > linux.cf || ( rm -f linux.cf &&exit 1 ) chmod 444 linux.cf stimpy $ From the base sendmail directory, we change to the cf/cf directory, which contains .mc and .cf files for a number of platforms. Next, you need to make a copy of the supplied .mc file as a local working copy. As shown in the dialog, we named it linux.mc, but you can give the file any name you want. Finally, we execute the Build script, passing the name of the target file (which is linux.cf in this dialog).
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Inside Linux Obtaining sendmail Most modern distributions of Linux include the sendmail package. Be sure to check your distribution media if sendmail is not installed. In a pinch, you can try the which command to see if the sendmail executable exists, as shown in the following dialog: stimpy $ which sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail stimpy $ The which command found the sendmail executable in the /usr/sbin directory. In contrast, the following dialog demonstrates the use of the which command to locate the sendmail executable. Since sendmail exists on this system, half the battle is getting the sendmail system up and running. Most of the work is in verifying the configuration files. stimpy $ which sendmail which: no sendmail in (/sbin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/sbin//root/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/ bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/bin:/usr/lib/java/bin:/var/lib/dosemu:/usr/games/bin:/usr/games:/ opt/gnome/bin:/opt/kde/bin:/usr/openwin/bin:/usr/lib/pgsql/bin:/opt/pilotsdk/bin) stimpy $ In this dialog, you can see that the which command could not find sendmail in the usual locations. This does not mean that sendmail does not exist on your system. You can perform an exhaustive search using the find command, as shown in the following dialog: stimpy $ find / -name sendmail -print /etc/permissions.d/sendmail /sbin/init.d/sendmail /usr/doc/packages/sendmail /usr/doc/susehilf/raw_whatis/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/lib/sendmail /usr/share/sendmail stimpy $ Checking the distributions of Linux on my system -Red Hat 6.1, SuSE 6.3, Slackware 7.0, and TurboLinux 6.0 -reveals the sendmail executable in the /usr/sbin directory. The one exception, Caldera 2.3, places the sendmail executable in the /usr/libexec/sendmail directory. If you do not have sendmail installed, and the package is not available on your distribution media, you can download the sendmail package from the ftp://ftp.sendmail.org FTP site. You will find the sendmail package available as a compressed tar file (*.Z) and a gzipped tar file (*.gz). It is recommended that you download the gzipped package, because it is smaller in size, thereby making the download quicker. Building the sendmail Package First of all, you need to unpack the source distribution. This is easily achieved using the tar command, as shown in the following dialog: stimpy $ tar -xzvf sendmail.x.x.x.tar.gz stimpy $ The x.x.x represents the version of sendmail you are using. The current version is 8.10.0, making the name of the file sendmail.8.10.0.tar.gz. A number of directories are created, and all required files are extracted and placed in their appropriate directory. As with any other package to be built, you should first examine the README file(s). In a nutshell, the process is as follows: 1. Read any relevant README files. They will point you to other files that are important. 2. Create any necessary site configuration build files, as noted in devtools/Site/README. 3. Execute the Build script found in the ./sendmail directory. 4. Change to the cf/cf directory, and use the cp command to create a new *.mc file from the generic platform.mc file provided. Finally, execute Build filename.cf. 5. Copy filename.cf to the /etc/mail/sendmail.cf directory. Finally, install the sendmail executable by executing Build install. page 162
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Inside Linux Option Description SaveFromLine Saves UNIX-style From lines at the front. MaxHopCount=N The maximum number of times a message is allowed to hop before a determination is made that the message is in a loop. IgnoreDots A period on a line by itself is not a message terminator. SendMimeErrors Sends error messages in MIME format. ConnectionCacheTimeout=timeout Sets the connection cache timeout. ConnectionCacheSize=N Sets the connection cache size. LogLevel=n Sets the log level. MeToo Sends to me if I am in an alias expansion. CheckAliases Validates the right side of aliases if the newaliases command is being used. OldStyleHeaders The message may have old-style headers. QueueDirectory=queuedir Identifies the queue message directory. StatusFile=file Saves statistics in the specified file. Timeout.queuereturn=time Sets the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time. UserDatabaseSpec=userdatabase If set, userdatabase is queried to obtain forwarding information. ForkEachJob Forks each job during queue runs. SevenBitInput Strips messages to 7 bits. EightBitMode=mode Sets the handling of 8-bit input to 7-bit destinations to one of the following: m = convert to 7-bit MIME format, p = pass as 8 bits, and s = bounce the message. MinQueueAge=timeout Sets how long a job must sit in the queue between attempts to send it. DefaultCharSet=charset Sets the default character set used for 8-bit data. DialDelay=sleeptime Sleeps for sleeptime seconds and tries again if the connection fails. NoRecipientAction=action Sets the behavior if there are no recipient headers. MaxDaemonChildren=N Sets the maximum number of children that an incoming SMTP daemon allows to spawn. ConnectionRateThrottle=N Sets to N the maximum number of connections per second to the SMTP port. Configuring sendmail Current implementations of sendmail for Linux are available as a binary distribution. As mentioned previously, most distributions of Linux install sendmail during installation (if you selected the package for installation). Be sure to visit your distribution’s Web site for a prebuilt package. Otherwise, you can download the sendmail (source) package, unpack it, and execute the make linux command at the command line. As with anything else related to Linux (and UNIX), you want to get things configured with a minimum of effort and with some level of accuracy. page 161
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Inside Linux Parameter Description -bt Tests address mode. Reads addresses and provides verbose parsing. Used for debugging configuration tables. -bv Verifies names only. Used for validating users and mailing lists. -Cfile Uses the alternative configuration file specified by file. -dX Sets the debugging level to that specified by X. -Ffullname Sets the sender’s name. -fname Sets the name of the from person (originator). This option can be used by trusted users. -qIsubstr Limits the processing jobs to those having substr of the queue ID. -qRsubstr Limits processed jobs to those containing substr of the recipients. -qSsubstr Limits processing jobs to those containing substr of the sender. -R return Sets the return amount of the message if the message bounces (is returned). The parameter can be full to return the entire message or hdrs to return the header portion. -rname An alternative and obsolete form of the -f flag. -t Reads the message for recipients. -U Initial user submission. Should be set only when called from a user agent. -V envid Sets the original envelope id. Propagates across SMTP to servers that support DSNs. -v Verbose mode. -X logfile Logs traffic in and out of mailers in the file specified by logfile. Stops processing command flags. Note that the -q option can be specified in a number of ways. Here are the two most common: /usr/sbin/sendmail -q /usr/sbin/sendmail -bd -q2h The first invocation specifies that sendmail should process its queue and then exit. The second invocation tells sendmail to run as a daemon and process its queue every two hours. sendmail Options In addition to the parameters, a number of options may be set. As a rule, these are used only by a system administrator. An option can be set on the command line with the -o flag or the -O flag, or in the sendmail configuration file. Table 8.2 details the options. Table 8.2. Options for sendmail Option Description AliasFile=file Uses the alternative alias file identified. HoldExpensive Does not initiate a connection for mailers considered expensive to connect to. CheckpointInterval=N Checks the queue file every N successful deliveries. The default is 10. Avoids excessive duplicate deliveries. DeliveryMode=x Sets the delivery mode to x: i = interactive, b = background delivery, q = queue only, and d = deferred. ErrorMode=x Sets error processing to mode x: m = mail back the error message, w = write back the error message, p = print errors on the terminal, q = throw away error messages, and e = do special processing for BerkNet. page 160
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Inside Linux You can provide useful information here for each contact, such as full name, email address, title, and organization, to name a few. There are two other tabs on this window: Contact and Conferencing. The Contact window allows you to enter information such as address; work, home, and fax phone numbers; and a URL entry. The Conferencing tab is used in conjunction with Netscape’s Conference software. To attach a file to an email, simply click the tab on the far left that has a paper clip. Place the mouse in the blank area of the tabbed page, right-click, and select Attach File from the pop-up menu. A file browser window is displayed. Simply navigate to the directory, and select the file to attach. When you have the file selected, click the Attach button. The file will be listed on the Attachment tab page. You can now click the Address tab to continue adding recipients. The third tab page allows you to request a return receipt, make the email encrypted, use uuencode, and other options. In addition to email functionality, Netscape Messenger can be used as a Usenet newsreader. Be sure to check the online help system and documentation provided with Communicator. The sendmail Package If you want a true MTA muscle machine, the BSD sendmail package is what you need. It has been around for quite a while and has endured the test of time. Most Linux distributions include it on their CD-ROM, and it gets installed during the installation process. On the flip side, sendmail has traditionally been a bear to comprehend and configure. Yet, as it has matured over time, it has become an easier package to deal with. The configuration system has improved quite a bit, hiding much of the tweaking that was required in the past. Some distributions provide a preconfigured sendmail system, allowing you to install the package “out of the box.” The sendmail system transmits a message to one or more recipients, routing the message over the necessary networks. The sendmail system does provide forwarding as required to deliver email messages to the correct destination. As mentioned previously, sendmail is not a user interface program. Its job is to deliver email messages. If no flags are specified to sendmail, it will read from the standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting of only a single period. When this condition is satisfied, sendmail sends a copy of the message to the addresses identified. Local email addresses are identified in a lookup file and aliased appropriately. To prevent aliasing, precede the address with a backslash () character. Table 8.1 lists the options for sendmail. Table 8.1. Parameters for sendmail Parameter Description -Btype Sets the body type to type. Values are 7BIT or 8BITMIME. -ba Uses ARPANET mode. Input lines must end with CR-LF, plus all messages must be generated with a CR-LF at the end. Additionally, the From: and Sender: fields should have the sender’s name. -bd Runs as a daemon process, requiring Berkeley IPC. sendmail connection requests. -bD The same as -bd, except that it runs in the foreground. -bh Prints the host status database. -bH Purges the host status database. -bi Initializes the alias database. -bm Delivers mail normally. -bp Prints the queue listing. -bs Uses RFC821 SMTP protocol. page 159
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Inside Linux You can select email addresses from the Address Book by selecting the Communicator, Address Book menu option. Figure 8.17 shows Messenger’s Address Book window. Figure 8.17. Netscape Messenger’s Address Book window. The Address Book allows you to manipulate contact information. In the left pane are various directories to help you organize your address book, such as classifying contacts. For example, you can have a Personal and Professional contact list. In the right pane are the contacts for the currently selected directory. You use the Address Book to add, edit, remove, and organize your contacts. If you click the New Card button or select the File, New Card menu option, the Netscape Card window is displayed, as shown in Figure 8.18. Figure 8.18. Netscape Messenger’s Card window. page 158
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Inside Linux A number of options need to be set. The Incoming Mail Servers section requires information. In addition, you should set the appropriate data for the Outgoing Mail Server section. If you want to, you can change the location of the local mail directory. Be sure to provide the appropriate settings. Your ISP (or system administrator) can provide you with the information required. When you are ready to receive mail, select the File, Get New Messages menu option. You will see the Netscape Password window, waiting for you to enter your password, as shown in Figure 8.15. Figure 8.15. Netscape Password window. This window is displayed so that you can supply your password for retrieving mail from the server. After you have supplied your password, a status window appears, displaying the current state of message retrieval. When all the messages have been retrieved, the window disappears. To compose a new email message, you can click the New Msg icon on the toolbar, select the Message, New Message menu option, or press Ctrl+M. The Messenger Compose window is displayed, as shown in Figure 8.16. Figure 8.16. Netscape’s Compose window. page 157
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Inside Linux From this point, you can reply to, forward, move, delete, print, or save a mail message. In order to enable the transmitting and receiving of email, you have to adjust some entries in the Preferences dialog box. Select the Edit, Preferences menu option, and then open the Mail & Newsgroups tree view on the left side. At a minimum, you should visit the Identity and Mail Servers options. Figure 8.13 shows the Identity settings pane. Figure 8.13. Netscape Messenger, Preferences dialog box, Identity pane. You should supply your full name, email address, reply-to address, organization, and signature file. The first two options are the most important. The second group of configuration options that need to be set are found in the Mail Servers pane, shown in Figure 8.14. Figure 8.14. Netscape Messenger, Preferences dialog box, Mail Servers pane. page 156
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