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Inside Linux Figure 8.11. Netscape Messenger window. The Folder pane is located on the left side of the Messenger window. This pane houses a tree view, showing the hierarchy of folders. The email messages are stored in these folders. The default folders are shown in Figure 8.11. You are free to add or delete folders as you wish. However, it is not recommended that you delete any of the default folders. The Header (or Thread) pane is located at the top right of the window. This pane is a list of messages that are found in the currently selected folder (in the Folder pane). Information shown (columns) includes Subject, Sender, and Date, among others. This list is scrollable, allowing you to browse the message headers. To read the content of a message, you select the associated message header. The Message pane shows the message header and body (or text or content) that is currently selected in the Header pane. This pane is also scrollable, allowing you to read messages that span many lines. Figure 8.12 shows the Messenger window in action. Figure 8.12. Netscape Messenger displaying an email message. page 155
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Inside Linux Figure 8.10. Kmail’s Addressbook in the other fields. Netscape Messenger The Netscape Communicator package includes a mail client called Messenger. It is a very versatile and capable email client, provided through a graphical user interface. Communicator is included on most distributions of Linux. It can also be downloaded for the cost of connect time. There are a number of ways to invoke Messenger. From a command window, you can execute Netscape with the mail option, as shown in the following dialog: stimpy $ netscape -mail & stimpy $ This starts the Messenger application, and the & returns a command prompt. A second option is to execute Messenger from the Communicator option on the Netscape browser pull-down menu. Other options on the Communicator menu are Composer, Navigator, and Radio, to name just a few. A third option is to set up an icon and place it on the desktop or a graphical environment panel or make it a system menu option. The easiest way to set this up is to find the Netscape Navigator (browser) icon, make a copy of it, and then change the path (or shortcut) to read netscape -mail instead of netscape. After you have invoked Messenger, you will see the application window, shown in Figure 8.11. The Messenger window is divided into three panes. You can customize the way you view the Messenger window using the View, Show menu option. From here, you can display or hide each of the following: Message toolbar Location toolbar Messages Folders page 154
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Inside Linux To compose a new email message, select the File, New Composer menu option. Figure 8.9 shows the Kmail Composer window. If you did not specify a signature file in the configuration window, Kmail will prompt you for a signature file every time you compose an email. If you are not interested in a signature file, select the File, Settings menu option. Click the Composer tab and unselect the Automatically Append Signature radio button. Finally, click the OK button to dismiss the dialog box. Figure 8.9. Kmail’s Composer window. You use the Kmail Composer window to compose your email and send it when finished. Fill in the appropriate fields in the Composer window to complete your email. The ellipsis (…) buttons to the right of the To: and Cc: fields invoke the address book, allowing you to select addresses from the list. When you have completed the message, click the Send icon (the envelope) on the toolbar, or select the File, Send (or Send Later) menu option. The Kmail address book allows you to store commonly used email addresses. To invoke it, select the File, Addressbook menu option. The address book is shown in Figure 8.10. After the file has been attached, it appears in the Attachments pane found at the bottom of the Composer window. There are many other fine features found in the Kmail program. Be sure to select the Help menu to read about Kmail’s various features. page 153
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Inside Linux The Folders pane contains message folders or mailboxes. Click a folder to select it. Any messages that are contained in the folder will appear in the Headers pane. The Headers pane shows a list of header information, such as Sender, Subject, and Date. If you click a header, the associated message is displayed in the Message pane. To sort messages, click the column to sort on. The Message pane shows the header and body of the selected message (in the Headers pane). The message can be scrolled using the Page Up and Page Down keys, or line-by-line using the up and down arrow keys. The following list describes the keyboard keys you can use to browse messages: N: Next message P: Previous message +: Next unread message -: Previous unread message When you are ready to receive mail, select the File, Check mail menu option. If you did not supply a password in the configuration window, you will see the Please Set Password and Username dialog box, shown in Figure 8.7. Figure 8.7. Kmail’s Please set Password and Username dialog box. This dialog box is displayed so that you can supply your password for retrieving mail from the server. Be sure to change the username if required. At the same time that this window is displayed, the Retrieving Messages window is displayed, showing the current state of message retrieval. The Retrieving Messages window is shown in Figure 8.8. Figure 8.8. Kmail’s Retrieving messages window. This window is a status window, showing you the current progress of message retrieval. Various messages are displayed, depending on the state of retrieval. When all messages have been retrieved, the window disappears. page 152
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Inside Linux The Configure Account dialog box is shown in Figure 8.5. In this dialog box, you need to supply your name, login account name, password (optional), the mail host, and the port to use. Optionally, you can select from a number of radio buttons and choose where you want to store mail. If you leave the Password field empty, whenever Kmail goes to retrieve mail, it will prompt you for your password. Figure 8.5. Kmail’s Configure Account dialog box. Figure 8.6 shows the Kmail Mail Reader window. It consists of three panes, a menu bar, and a toolbar. The three panes are Folders, Headers, and Message. The Folders pane is located in the upper-left portion of the Mail Reader window. The Headers pane is located in the upper center of the window, and the Message pane is located under the Headers pane. Figure 8.6. Kmail’s Mail Reader window. page 151
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Inside Linux The Settings dialog box has six tabs: Identity, Network, Appearance, Composer, Misc, and PGP. At a minimum, you should visit the Identity and Network tab pages and provide the information required. The information you provide will allow you to send and receive email. To begin sending and receiving email, you will have to change only the settings on the Identity and Network tabs. On the Identity tab page (refer to Figure 8.3), you should provide your full name, organization (if applicable), email address, reply-to address, and signature file. Figure 8.4 shows the Network tab page. On this tab page, you should specify the method of mail transmission, either Sendmail or SMTP. If Sendmail is selected, be sure to supply the fully-qualified path to the program. If you select SMTP, supply the name of the SMTP server you will send to. Next, you have to configure the Incoming Mail section on the Network tab. You need to have at least one account set up so that you can receive email messages. Click Add to create a new account. Figure 8.4. Kmail’s Settings dialog box, Network tab. page 150
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Inside Linux KDE Kmail The K Desktop Environment (KDE) includes a mail client called Kmail. It is a very useful email client, providing a graphical user interface. The Kmail program was developed by David Rugge and Markus Wuebben. To execute Kmail, go to the KDE main menu and select the Internet, Mail client menu option. If this is the first time you have executed Kmail, you will see the dialog box shown in Figure 8.2. Figure 8.2. Kmail creating the Mail mailbox. This dialog box is merely telling you that the Mail directory could not be found and it will create it. Kmail creates the Mail directory in your home directory. The Mail directory contains various mail files, such as inbox, outbox, sent-mail, and trash. Figure 8.3 shows the Settings dialog box. If this is the first invocation of Kmail, this dialog box appears automatically. Otherwise, you select the File, Settings menu option. Figure 8.3. Kmail’s Settings dialog box, Identity tab. page 149
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Inside Linux MUA Programs This section briefly describes some common MUA programs. As mentioned, an MUA is the user interface program a person uses to manipulate email messages. mailx The mailx program is a simple, line-oriented program developed at the University of California at Berkeley. It has a command syntax that is suggestive of ed (editor), with lines replaced by messages. mailx can be found on most distributions of Linux. elm If you are looking for a mail user agent that is screen-oriented, check out the elm program. It was developed at Hewlett-Packard and submitted to the public domain a number of years ago. The public- domain version of elm provides MIME support. elm is provided on most distributions of Linux. mutt The mutt program is a descendant of elm. It embraces many of elm’s commands but is considered more powerful and configurable. The mutt user agent can support POP3 or IMAP and provides support for MIME and PGP. You can find the mutt home page at http://www.mutt.org. You can find mutt on most distributions of Linux. exmh A Tcl/Tk mail user agent known as exmh was created by Brent Welch (previously with Xerox PARC and Sun). Netscape If you have the Netscape Communicator package, you will find Messenger, a full-featured MUA that provides MIME support. Messenger is also used as a Usenet newsreader client program. Messenger is described later. Emacs rmail/smail The Emacs editor can be used to compose, send, receive, and read email messages. In smail mode, you can use Emacs to compose and send email messages. If you are an Emacs user, this can be an advantage because the interface is familiar. Using rmail mode, you can utilize Emacs to read email. You probably do not want to use rmail, because it converts your inbox to a format unknown to other email user agents. You can, however, get vm, which is a mail reader designed for Emacs. BSD mail For a simple, line-oriented email client, you can use the mail program. This program originated from the BSD Mail program, which was designed to be used on TTY terminals. I use this one to quickly purge mail coming from cron and other system daemons. You can also use it to send email notifications from within system administration scripts. Using MUAs In this section, we will explore the use of two mail user agents: KDE’s Kmail and Netscape’s Messenger. The programs’ interfaces are similar, yet the features of each are different. page 148
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Inside Linux Email Message Header and Body An email message is comprised of two sections: the header and the body. The header consists of a number of items, including the author, recipient(s), date and time of creation, and so on. Here is the format for each field in the header: From: Joe Schmoe js@afakemail.net To: AnotherJoe Schmoe ajs@sillyend.net … Basically, the format is of the form key: value pairs. There is a key name, a colon (:), and a value. Some fields are required, and some are optional. The body of the email message is the content of the email. It does not make much sense to send an email with a blank body. There are situations in which this is acceptable, but for the most part, you send an email message because you have something to say. The body of the email is separated from the header using a blank line. Received: from mail-faker-3.strnge.net [123.123.556.454] by in12.weldonpew.net id 5235234.5423-3 ; Tue, 22 Feb 2000 23:23:23 +0000 Received: from unknown-111-43.sillyone.com. (unknown-101-88.sillyone.com [656.343.333.343] (may be forged)) by mail12-weldonpew.net with ESMTP id FDRE4343 for ; Tue, 22 Feb 2000 15:21:34 -0800 (PST) From: tom_whodoneit@afakemail.net Received: from stimpy (unknown-2-3.sillynet.net [434.545.434.233]) by unknown-432-43.sillyone.net with SMTP id FDRE4343 for ; Tue, 22 Feb 2000 15:21:33 -0800 (PST) To: mtobler@ibm.net Date: Tue, 22 Feb 2000 14:19:00 -0800 Subject: membership Message-ID: Organization: Sillynet MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-ID: X-Gateway: FunnGateWIse 2.0 for PewterHalt X-Mozilla-Status: 8003 X-Mozilla-Status2: 00000000 X-UIDL: 78904-32103093.34 Hi Michael, I would like to join HJUG. I want to attend Wednesday’s meeting. Could you tell what I have to do. Thanks, Tom A blank line always separates the headers from the body. The body contains the information the sender is trying to communicate. The “message” as most people think of it is really the body of the message. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) The MTAs communicate and transmit email messages using the SMTP protocol. SMTP is not the only protocol used. For example, the UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Program (UUCP) is also used to transfer email traffic. However, SMTP is by far the most widely used protocol to move email traffic over TCP/IP. SMTP Envelope and Body The SMTP protocol employs the concept of an envelope and body, similar in concept to an email’s header and body. For SMTP, its body is the complete email message. The SMTP envelope is similar to an email’s header. It contains information such as the originator and recipient addresses. If there are delivery problems, SMTP can return the email to the originator and (possibly) the error condition. page 147
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Inside Linux Figure 8.1. An email processing model. In a nutshell, the user composes an email message using the MUA, and then the MUA passes the email message to the MTA. The MTA transmits the email message to the destination MTA. Finally, the destination MTA passes the email message to the MDA, and the MDA places the email message in the recipient’s mailbox. Mail User Agent (MUA) There are three elements to the electronic mail system. The first of the three, the MUA, is the interface that a user interacts with to manipulate email messages. This is the software, or program, that you use to compose, transmit, view, print, sort, and delete email messages. You are not restricted to using a single MUA -you are free to jump among them if you want. Be cautious about doing this, however, because most MUA mailbox formats are different. This means that you cannot point each MUA at a single mailbox and expect the MUA to read it. Some examples of mail user agents are mailx, elm, mutt, mh, zmail, exmh, Netscape, Kmail, and others. We will discuss these programs in later sections. Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) The second element of an email system is the MTA. The job of the MTA is to transfer messages from one machine to another. After you have composed a message and clicked the Send button, the MUA passes the email message to an MTA, which transmits the message to another MTA. The email message may continue this routing. The receiving MTA may transmit the email to another MTA, and so on. An MTA does not interpret an email message for content. You do not use an MTA to compose and read email. Oddly enough, it is quite possible to transmit an email message directly to an MTA, but we will not discuss that here. The MTA is the workhorse of the email system. The email that you create would never make it to its destination without the functionality of an MTA. Fortunately, you do not have to understand the MTA in order to use email. However, knowing that an MTA exists and knowing how it works is helpful in understanding the big picture of running an email system. The most popular mail transfer agent is sendmail. Mail Delivery Agent (MDA) The third element in an email system is the MDA. The job of the MDA is to take an email message given to it from the receiving MTA and place the email into the destination mailbox. The separation of duties among the three components provides for a cohesive system, whereby each component has a specific and well-defined job. The MTA is concerned with transmission and protocol details; the MDA is concerned with the actual delivery of an email message to the recipient. page 146
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